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Studies on the history and archaeology of Lydia from the Early Lydian period to Late Antiquity
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Auteur :
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Langue : Anglais
PUFC
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Auteur :
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Lieu d'édition : Besançon
Année de parution : 2023
Nombre de pages : 542p.
ISBN : 9782848679532
Format : 22 x 28
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Langue : Anglais
PUFC
[Sommaire]
Table of contents
List of figures
List of abbreviations
Foreword
Antonio GONZALES
An introduction to Lydian studies
Ergün LAFLI, Guy LABARRE
Part I: Lydia in the third and second millennia B.C.
1 Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar
Nihal AKILLI
2 Aššuwa, ᾿Ασία and the land of Lydians
Michele R. CATAUDELLA
Part II: Historical and other aspects of the Lydian period and the early Lydians
3 Chronology of Lydian dynasties
Alexandar PORTALSKY
4 Malis: a new Lydian goddess
Annick PAYNE, David SASSEVILLE
5 Lefs: a Greek god in Lydian disguise. Ζευσις: a Lydian god in Greek disguise, and some Luwian gods too
Diether SCHÜRR
6 Determining the value of the arrow-sign in Phrygian and Lydian
Fred C. WOUDHUIZEN (†)
7 Influencing Lydia: the “Kybele Shrine” from Sardis in its Near Eastern and Greek
Contexts
Tamás Péter KISBALI
8 Some remarks on the Persian Royal Road (Herodotus V.52–54)
Yanis PIKOULAS (†)
9 Diodorus and the Halys oracle
Annalisa PARADISO
10 The poet Pindar and Lydian Pelops
James ROY
11 Lydian seals from the western Pontic area
Costel CHIRIAC, Lucian MUNTEANU
12 “Who is Gyges?” once again: assessing the Carian connections of the first Mermnad king of Lydia
Liviu Mihail IANCU
13 The Artemis cult in Lydia and the Lydian Girls Choir: a political evaluation
Ayşen SINA
14 Pissuthnes, satrap of Lydia
Cinzia Susanna BEARZOT
15 Lydian and Lycian arts in the context of Achaemenid Anatolia: a comparative approach
Fabienne COLAS-RANNOU
16 Replicating the Lydian treasure from a Turkish perspective
Ergün LAFLI, Maurizio BUORA
Parts III: Historical and other aspects on Hellenistic and Roman Lydia
17 The Greek cities of Lydia during the First Mithridatic War (89–85 B.C.)
Fabrice DELRIEUX
18 The historical geography of Hellenistic and Imperial Lydia: the literary and numismatic evidence
Pierre-Oliver HOCHARD
19 Lydia in proverbs, idiomatic expressions, and exemplary Latin stories
Étienne WOLFF
20 Heleis: a chief physician in Roman Lydia
Gaetano ARENA
21 Medicine in Roman Lydia: a close relationship with imperial power
Margherita G. CASSIA
22 Remarks on the imperial cult of Lydian Philadelphia based on classical literary sources
Hüseyin ÜRETEN, Ömer GÜNGÖRMÜŞ
23 The cult of Men in Lydia
Guy LABARRE
24 An amazing oracle of Apollo of Claros and the question of the supreme god (Macrobius, Saturnalia I.18.20): Zeus, Hades, Helios, Dionysos, and Iaô
Charles GUITTARD
Part IV: Material culture of Hellenistic and Roman Lydia
25 A preliminary report on the recent archaeological discoveries in Lydia and the Upper Cayster Valley
Ergün LAFLI
26 Building inscriptions from Roman Lydia
Maria KANTIREA
27 Anatolian koine of burial practices: transformation of elite burials
Erik HRNČIARIK, Lucia NOVÁKOVÁ
28 A preliminary report on the Roman pottery from Tabae
Oğuz KOÇYIĞIT
29 The use of Roman fired bricks in Lydia and neighbouring regions
Julia Cecile MARTIN
30 Arms factories at Sardis and the supply of Roman eastern auxiliaries
Damien GLAD
31 An archaeological note on Saittai
Enes HANÇER
Part V: Early Byzantine Lydia
32 A contribution to the study of Lydia in the Early Byzantine period
Dimitris P. DRAKOULIS
33 The Early Byzantine province of Lydia based on sigillographic evidence
Werner SEIBT
34 The relation of Priscianus of Lydia to Byzantium during the wars of Justinian I with the Sassanian empire
Katarzyna MAKSYMIUK
Part VI: Varia anatolica occidentalia
35 Ephesian amphorae in Rome in the imperial period
Giorgio RIZZO
36 Trade from Chios and Phocaea (fourth–seventh century A.D.) between written and archaelogical sources: a methodological approach
Daniele TINTERRI
Part VII: Selected abstracts on recent research in Lydia
37 Geoarchaeological-paleogeographical observations on Hypaepa and its surroundings in southwestern Lydia
Serdar VARDAR
38 The Hittites in Lydia
Ahmet ÜNAL
39 Three new sites in southeastern Lydia: Kapancık, Gerdekkayası, and Ören
Harun OY
40 Electrum coins from Lydia and the surrounding area in the collections of the Numismatic Museum in Athens
George KAKAVAS
41 Lydian personal names and the question of Lydian ethno-linguistic identity
Rostislav ORESHKO
42 New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia
Sedat AKKURNAZ
43 Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum
Natalia S. ASTASHOVA
44 A Lydian tale about the Etruscans: the migration of Tyrrhenos to the west
Dominique BRIQUEL
45 Evaluation of burial customs in Lydia in the light of the finds from the necropolis of Tralles
Arzu ÖZVER
46 Family structure in Roman Lydia
Marijana RICL
47 Anatolian imports in Slovenia
Verena PERKO, Tina ŽERJAL
48 Brickwork patterns on Church at Sardis: structure and meaning
Jasmina S. ĆIRIĆ
Abstracts and keywords in English / Türkçe Özetler ve Anahtar Kelimeler
[Contents]
Cet ouvrage a pour objectif d’élargir la chronologie des études lydiennes de la période protohistorique au début de la période byzantine et de rassembler les contributions de chercheurs et d’universitaires internationaux dans un éventail de disciplines.
This book aims to cover the chronology of Lydian studies from the protohistoric period to the beginning of the Byzantine period and to bring together the contributions of international researchers and scholars from a wide range of disciplines.
Este libro tiene como objetivo ampliar la cronología de los estudios lidios desde el período protohistórico hasta el período bizantino temprano y reunir las contribuciones de investigadores y académicos internacionales reunidos en una amplia gama de disciplinas.
This book aims to cover the chronology of Lydian studies from the protohistoric period to the beginning of the Byzantine period and to bring together the contributions of international researchers and scholars from a wide range of disciplines.
Este libro tiene como objetivo ampliar la cronología de los estudios lidios desde el período protohistórico hasta el período bizantino temprano y reunir las contribuciones de investigadores y académicos internacionales reunidos en una amplia gama de disciplinas.
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Descriptif du collectif
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Auteur : Tamás Péter KISBALIInfluencing Lydia: the “Kybele Shrine” from Sardis in its Near Eastern and Greek contexts[Résumé]The so-called “Kybele Shrine” (S 63.51, Archaeological Museum of Manisa, acc.. no. 4029) was found in 1963 during the excavations of the Sardis Synagogue. Dating to c. 550-540 B.C., it has been regarded as a highly innovative and unique piece of Lydian sculpture, uniting Greek, Anatolian and Near Eastern influences. The piece extends the established Anatolian iconography of the goddess in her temple to a three-dimensional building model with Ionic half- columns. The sideand back walls are decorated with figurative relief panels in three horizontal zones. This rich ornamentation led scholars to emphasize the high level of Near Eastern or Mesopotamian influence on the “Kybele Shrine”, quoting mostly the Ishtar Gate at Babylon as a prototype. However, the nature and workings of this influence are not elaborated in detail. My aim in this paper is to provide formal and structural comparanda for the “Kybele Shrine”. I will expand on evidence that has been mentioned before in connection with this monument, and introduce new relevant materials. Direct familiarity of Lydians with Mesopotamian monumental architecture is very likely, but it seems important to shift the focus also to “lesser”, more transportable, and intermediary forms (coming from Assyrian, Neo-Hittite and Neo-Babylonian backgrounds) that could have inspired the “Kybele Shrine”. Questions of iconography (e.g. the interpretation of the “mythological” panels etc.) lay outside the scope of this paper. Contemporary architectural practices at Sardis influenced the creation of the “Cybele Shrine”. Already Hanfmann suggested that the “Shrine” had represented an existing Alyattan or Croesan building (possibly the temple of Cybele burned by the Persians in 499 B.C.) – although this hypothesis remains under debate. The sixth century B.C. was a highly innovative time for architectural decoration both in terracotta and stone. This is best exemplified by the columnae caelatae of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, a Croesan dedication. Points raised in discussions of such innovations can inform the study of the “Cybele Shrine”. The case for Mesopotamian influences is indeed strong. As possible “blueprints” for the inclusion of figurative reliefs on walls and other architectural elements scholars generally refer to Assyrian and Neo-Hittite orthostats, but the arrangement of panels on the “Kybele Shrine” follow a different scheme. Alongside the aforementioned similarity with the Ishtar Gate, there is a high structural convergence between the “Kybele Shrine” and the Assyrian hammered bronze bands used, for example, on the Balawat gates (c. 848 B.C.). Near Eastern metal objects were brought to Greece, used, reused, and even displayed at sanctuaries (e.g. the bronze fragments found in Olympia), and their circulation in Lydia is also possible. Further, I compare the “Cybele Shrine” with two Neo-Hittite pieces found in the vicinity of Maraş (ancient Gurgum). The first one (Archaeological Museum of Hatay, acc. no. 17915) is identified as a grave stele, while the second is identified as a votive altar (Orthmann Maraş B/24). They can be regarded as architectural models (with stepped pinnacles pointing to Assyrian influence). The Hatay stele features a procession of female figures on three sides of the block, heading towards the “façade”. The B/24 altar (?) expands on the architectural associations by adding a false door (or a frame akin to the “woman at the window” type known from Near Eastern ivories). These features are, in general, atypical for Neo-Hittite stelae, but comparable to the “Cybele Shrine”. These and similar Neo-Hittite works could have played an important role in the transmission of Near Eastern ideas, as an intermediary stop on the road towards the West, and to Lydia. Historical evidence points to strong links between the Lydians and the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the sixth century B.C. The contacts between Lydia and the various states of South-Eastern Anatolia and Syria are harder to trace due to a lack of sources, but their geographical proximity makes them a likely candidate for generation and/or transmission of ideas. Thus, the “Cybele Shrine” shows that Lydia, on the one hand, was a region of development of archaic East Greek art, but, on the other hand, had its own contacts with the Mesopotamian cultures, and could work from an independent source of eastern influences. Keywords: Kybele, shrines, Ancient Near Eastern cultures, Ist millennium B.C., intercultural relationships.
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Auteur : Guy LABARREThe cult of Men in Lydia[Résumé]The inscriptions concerning the god Men have been gathered by E.N. Lane which also offered a commentary. Since the 1970s, many documents have been discovered and several articles and summaries have been published. This paper proposes to make a focus on our current knowledge about the cult of Men in Lydia and its peculiarities. The publication in 2016 of a Lydian coin showing, on the reverse, a crescent with a legend including the name of a Lydian Moon God (SNG Yavuz Tatış), asks questions about the origin and the diffusion of the cult of Men in this region. Keywords: Men, Moon God, regional particularism.
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Auteurs : Ergün LAFLI, Maurizio BUORAReplicating the Lydian treasure from a Turkish perspective[Résumé]In this brief paper the so-called Lydian treasure in the Museum of Uşak in western Turkey and its associated history has been presented. The collection is alternatively known as the Karun Treasure, a name given to a collection of 363 valuable Lydian artifacts dating from the seventh century BC and originating from the province of Uşak in western Turkey. This collection was the subject of a legal battle between Turkey and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art between 1987–1993 and was returned to Turkey in 1993 after the Museum admitted it had known the objects were stolen when they had purchased them. Keywords: Lydian treasure, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Uşak, replicating, counterfeit antiquities.
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Auteur : Katarzyna MAKSYMIUKThe relation of Priscianus of Lydia to Byzantium during the wars of Justinian I with the Sasanid empire[Résumé]Priscianus was one of the last Neoplatonists to study at the Academy when Damascius was its head. When Justinian I “closed” the school in 529, Priscianus, together with Damascius, Simplicius, and four other colleagues, was forced to seek asylum at the court of the Persian king Xusrō I Anōšīrvān. By 533 they were allowed back into the Byzantine empire after Justinian and Xusrō had concluded a peace treaty, in which it was provided that the philosophers would be allowed to return. Priscianus’s reluctance towards Justinian resulted in one of the last Neoplatonic treatises – Solutionum ad Chosroem. Keywords: Priscianus of Lydia, Byzantium, Iran, wars, philosophy, Xusrō, Late antiquity.
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Auteur : Julia Cecile MARTINThe use of fired Roman bricks in Lydia and neighbouring regions[Résumé]During the Roman imperial period fired bricks were introduced into several cities in the Roman province of Asia. At the Lydian city of Sardis they are detected approximately from the turn of the first century B.C. to the first century A.D. onwards. Comparing the use of fired Roman bricks observed at Sardis with pieces of evidence known from neighbouring cities, such as Ephesus and Pergamon, can provide some ideas of the different ways in which the new building material was adopted in western Turkey, whether directly from Rome or possibly from a more “local” prototype. Keywords: Sardis, bricks, architecture, Roman period, Ephesus, Pergamon, adaptation processes.
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Auteur : Annalisa PARADISODiodorus and the Halys oracle[Résumé]Diodorus (9.31) gives the hexameter oracle that forecast to Croesus the destruction of a great empire, if he crossed the Halys River. The response may be derived from Ephoros and the latter, possibly, drew upon Xanthos of Lydia. Keywords: oracle, Croesus, Lydian period.
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Auteur : Yanis PIKOULASSome remarks on the Royal Road (Herodotus, 5.52–54)[Résumé]Based on my former, for many years, research on ancient road network, I discuss the well-known Royal Road described by Herodotus (5.53: ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ βασιληίη), which led from Ephesus on the Aegean coast to Sardis, the capital of the kingdom of Lydia, and then, crossing central Asia Minor, ended at Susa, the western capital of Achaemenid Empire. The exact course of the Royal Road as well as the precise date of its construction are still until today disputed. I focus especially on the technical features of this road, as it was definitely a wheel-cart one. Keywords: Royal road, Herodotus, historical geography, western Asia Minor, Lydian period.
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Auteur : Gaetano ARENAHeleis: A chief physician in Roman Lydia[Résumé]A white marble altar found in Thyateira bears the epitaph of a chief-physician “of the whole xystos”. The inscription has been dated, by almost all the scholars, to the end of the second–beginning of the third century a.d., but a more detailed analysis, based on a comparison with other testimonies (written sources, inscriptions), might also suggest a date into the fourth century, when Thyateira and its territory still played a central role in the political and military history of the Late Roman Empire. Keywords: Thyateira, medicine, gymnasium, Late antiquity, milestones, Imperial constitutions.
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Auteur : Cinzia BEARZOTPissuthnes, satrap of Lydia[Résumé]The paper evaluates the role of Pissuthnes, satrap of Sardis in Lydia in the fifth century B.C. (ca. 440–415), in the context of political relations between Athens, its allies, and Persia. It highlights Pissuthnes’s anti-Athenian politics, which undermined the solidity of the Athenian empire with the help of the pro-Persian factions in the Greek cities of Asia Minor. Keywords: Pissuthnes, Lydia, Athens, Persia, Asia Minor.
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Auteur : Alexandar PORTALSKYChronology of the Lydian dynasties[Résumé]My paper comments on the three known Lydian dynasties, time of their rule, cultural- historical significance of the first two legendary dynasties and the history of the latеst. The first dynasty (of Atyads (Tantalids) – successors of Atys, who led his lineage from Manes) presents the minds of Greek authors of kinship or proximity between peoples of Thracians, Phrygians, Lydians, Etruscans and others. The main authors are Herodotus and Dionysios of Halicarnassos. I accept that their idea expresses the understanding of the authors of the presence of a Palaeobalkan-Westanatolian Commonwealth – this term is descriptive, but it is neutral and most appropriate in this case. Second Dynasty (of Heraclids or Tylonids – descendants of Heracles and Omphale in the Greek tradition) probably contains also historical not only mythological information. If my chronological calculations are correct, Lydian ruler’s home can be traced back to the time of the Trojan War. I renew the question how the last Heraclid was called – Myrsilos or Kandaules. The Mermnad dynasty is best shown of all. The chronology of their reign, however, causes disputes. The reason is that the Lydian own chronology is rarely analyzed. I presume that a Lydian royal list exist and Herodotus used it, and I suggest a chronology of the rulers with the minimal controversy at this time. Keywords: Lydian dynasties, Herodotus, Dionysios of Halicarnassos, Lydian period.
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Auteur : Margherita G. CASSIAMedicine in Roman Lydia: a close connection with the imperial power[Résumé]A fragment of a marble base, found near ancient Blaundos at the end of the 19th century and today lost, bears an honorific inscription, very incomplete, for Servilius Damocrates. Comparison with other sources – epigraphic, numismatic, and literary – allows us to establish the profession of this man, the chronology of his activity (around the middle of the first century A.D.), and, above all, Servilius’s role of “mediation” between his home town Blaundos, members of the Roman elite, and the imperial court. Keywords: Blaundos, Julio-Claudian dynasty, chief physician, earthquakes, coinage, pharmacology.
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Auteur : Giorgio RIZZOEphesian amphorae in Rome in the imperial period[Résumé]During the imperial period the ancient region of Lydia was part of the Roman province of Asia. Several amphora types were primarily produced in the region of ancient Ephesus and in the Caystrus and the Maeander valleys, but also in other centers such as Pergamon, Kos, Aphrodisias, and Sardis. Ancient written sources mention Ephesian wine: they refer to wine produced in the valley of the river Caystrus, between the Tmolos and Messogis mountains. The “Ephesian” amphorae of the early and middle imperial period have only one handle: in the archaeological literature they are “one-handled jars”, or “micaceous jars” because of their characteristic fabric. In the Late Roman period, the two-handled versions were the most widespread of the series (Late Roman Amphora 3). The “Ephesian” amphorae are commonly found in all the Mediterranean area. They also reached Rome and Ostia, one of its ports, where they were shipped to, perhaps together with other goods – marble? terra sigillata vessels? – from the harbour of Ephesus (and Smyrna?). Keywords: Rome, transport amphorae, Ephesian amphorae, pottery, Roman period, Late Roman period.
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Auteur : Michele CATAUDELLAAššuwa, Ἀσία, and the land of Lydians[Résumé]From the evidence, against the widespread view, it does not seem that the name Asía was used to indicate the Lydia country before the Persian empire, when Asía coincided with the Persian empire and indicated the entire continent in opposition to Europe. Before this time Maeonia (Homer), Sardis (Sparda is attested by Persian inscriptions) and Lydia (from the seventh century) were the names used to indicate the Lydia country, whereas the name Asía identified roughly the western side of Anatolia, including Lydia; the same value had probably the Minoan and Mycenean use and above all the hittite term Aššuwa related to a coalition (or confederation) of peoples which seems to have had some common geographical and chronological features with Trojan alliance in the Trojan war. Keywords: Asia, Sardis, Lydia, Aššuwa, Trojan War.
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Auteur : James ROYThe poet Pindar and Lydian Pelops[Résumé]Although by the fifth century B.C. the myth of Pelops was very well-known among Greeks, and especially in the Peloponnese, versions of the myth differed on where he came from, and in archaic and classical Greece he was most often said to be Phrygian. Nonetheless the poet Pindar, in the odes that he wrote for victorious athletes, repeatedly refers to Pelops’s importance at the great religious sanctuary of Olympia and describes Pelops as Lydian. This paper will consider what contemporary views of Lydia and the Lydians may have led Pindar to his identification of Lydian Pelops, taking account of the widespread belief in Lydian wealth and also of the rich dedications made at Delphi, the other great religious sanctuary in Greece, by Lydian kings. Reference will also be made to the cult of Pelops at Olympia and to beliefs about Pelops’s father Tantalos and his sister Niobe (who was closely attached to Lydia). Keywords: Pindar, Pelops, Classical mythology, Classical mythological sources, Lydian period, Classical period.
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Auteurs : Costel CHIRIAC, Lucian MUNTEANULydian seals from the western Pontic area[Résumé]The topic of our study are the Lydian lead seals found in the west Pontic area. We succeeded to record 13 such artefacts, bearing inscriptions with names of the following cities from this province: Dios Hieron, Hypaepa, Koloe, Tralles, and probably Thyaira. Almost all the seals were discovered on Roman sites from the Dobruja or in their vicinity, most of them located on the lower Danube and only a few on the Black Sea coast. We believe that the Lydian commercial seals found in the west Pontic area attest to the trading of goods imported from this region, in order to maintain the logistics of the Roman army stationed along the Danube during the Gothic war under the emperor Valens (A.D. 366–369). Keywords: Commercial seals, Lydia, West Pontic area, Valens, Gothic war, Roman army, supply.
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Auteur : Fabienne COLAS-RANNOULydian and Lycian arts in the context of Achaemenid Anatolia: a comparative approach[Résumé]The paper proposes a comparative examination of Lydian and Lycian sculpture and wall painting, based on style and iconography. Lydian and Lycian cultures shared a number of common features, however each one had its own identity. Both Lydian and Lycian figurative representations came about through an eclectic creative process, mixing local, Anatolian, Greek and Persian or Near Eastern elements. In both cases, it was a constantly-evolving process. Thanks to a selection of guenine examples dated from the sixth to the fourth century B.C., the author demonstrates that these elements could be mixed in different ways in Lydia and in Lycia. A diversity did exist and the Achaemenid rule didn’t prevent this creative process. Keywords: Lydia, Lycia, sculpture, wall painting, seals, iconography, style, eclecticism, identity, Achaemenid period.
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Auteur : Damien GLADSardis factories and the supply of eastern Roman auxiliaries[Résumé]This study explains why Diocletian chose Sardis for one of the fabricae location. This is related to its strategic location far from the Persian frontlines. I would argue that this Lydian factory can offset loss of Antioch or Nicomedia of disasters and natural catastrophes. Furthermore, former contacts between Lydians and Sarmatians of the Northern Caucasus and the barbarization of the Roman army can explain the widespread dissemination of a new type of helmet, the Spangenhelm, in the Roman army. The original shape needs to be sought in Sardis 1000 years ago. This can be explained by the permanence of a military and craft tradition, the presence of a mint and a local administrative organization. Keywords : Sardis, state arms factories, Roman army, Spangenhelm, Lydia, mint, urban centres.
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Auteur : Enes HANÇERAn archaeological note on Saittai[Résumé]According to Ptolemaeus (5, 2, 21) Saittai (Σαιτται) was a polis in eastern Lydia, i.e. in Maeonia, in the rivers’ triangle between the upper Hyllus (modern Demirci Çayı) and the Hermus. Thus, the city was lying between the upper reaches of the river Hermus and its tributary the Hyllus, and was part of the Katakekaumene. In present-day its name is Sidaskale near the village İcikler. Representations of the river gods Hyllus and Hermus are found on the coins of Saittai of the imperial period. The city was a regional centre for the production of textiles. During the Roman period the cult of the Men Axiottenus was very popular in the city. In A.D. 124, it was probably visited by Hadrianus. Saittai was also the seat of a Byzantine bishopric. Bishop Limenius signed the Chalcedon Creed, while Bishop Amachius spoke at the Council of Chalcedon. Among others, remains of a stadium (as well as a theatre) have survived. Also tombs and ruins of several temples were known as surface superstructures. Keywords: Saittai, Eastern Lydia, architecture, urban planning, epigraphy, numismatic, Roman period, Early Byzantine period.
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Auteur : Diether SCHÜRRLefs: a Greek god in Lydian disguise – Ζευσις: a Lydian god in Greek disguise, and some Luwian gods too.[Résumé]Gods cross borders easily, taking their names with them, and the Lydians became fond of Greek gods, one of whom was Zeus. The way he was adopted into the Lydian language (and inscriptions, of course), as Lews and then Lefs, reveals something of Lydian phonology. Scholars writing in late antiquity preserved some knowledge of the Lydian language, and one scrap of this, recorded by Hesychios, is another Lydian name of Zeus: Zeusis, probably from δiw-, the Lydian word for ‘god’. John Lydus reports that Zeus was born on Mt. Tmolos near Sardis, at a place called Deusion. This was probably derived from the same Lydian designation for Zeus, but from its Proto-Lydian form instead, before *diw- was altered to δiw-. Because Lydian inscriptions are attested from ca. 700 B.C., this must have occurred earlier. The late mention of Deusion thus gives a brief glimpse into early relations between Lydians and Greeks and into the development of the Lydian language. The sense of *diwsis > *δiwšiš was probably ‘deity’, designating a rain-bringing god on Mt. Tmolos and otherwise unattested. The settlement of Troketta, located, like Deusion, west of Sardis, could perhaps preserve his name, being that of the Anatolian weathergod, as a loan from the late ‘Hittite’ or Luwian kingdom of Tabal, along with a group of other theonyms and together with his consort: She reappears as Hipta – or, rather, Ipta – in Greek inscriptions east of Sardis and in the Orphic hymns, which connect her with Mt. Tmolos. These Late Luwian gods were adopted by the Lydians probably before c. 700 B.C., i. e. in a Proto-Lydian form. So the name of the goddess Kubabas was probably adapted as *Kubábs, then adopted by the the Greeks as Kubābā > Ionian Kυβηβη, before *Kubábs mutated to Lydian Kuwaw[ and Kufaw(s). Keywords: Lydian language, Lydian pantheon, Greek pantheon, Luwian pantheon, Tabal.
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Auteurs : Erik HRNČIARIK, Lucia NOVÁKOVÁAnatolian koine of burial practices: transformation of elite burials[Résumé]Tumuli, whose tradition dates back to the Bronze Age at the latest, are among the most widespread monumental tombs. The tradition of subterranean burial seems to have been deeply rooted in Anatolia, despite the fact that with the arrival of foreign ethnicities, the variety of tombs and burial customs had expanded. As the sixth century B.C. advanced, tumulus burials seemingly became the most popular form of monumental funerary architecture. In western Anatolia – where the local architecture had been the inspiration for the construction of various sepulchral monuments whose owners belonged to the ruling royal, aristocratic or civic elite – transformation of elite burials may be understood in the wake of political settlement. Traditional Lydian burial customs were part of this process as well. Lydian type of burial mounds can be seen to have extended into the Ionian, Carian and Lycian border areas, while an enhancement of the local tumuli type is attested in Ionia, Caria and Lycia. Keywords: burial, Ionia, Caria, Lydia, Lycia, tumuli.
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Auteur : Daniele TINTERRITrade from Chios and Phocaea (fourth-seventh century A.D.) between written and archaeological sources: a methodological approach[Résumé]The trade network originating from Chios and Phocaea between the fourth and the seventh century A.D. will be used as a case study to analyze the many differences between data provided respectively by written and archaeological sources in the field of history of trade. Evidence provided by the two disciplines appear to be complementary under many points of view. Therefore, in a methodological perspective both sets of data have to be used, in order to obtain a clearer description of trade in a given period of time. Keywords: Chios, Phocaea, trade, Late antiquity, written sources, archaeology, methodology.
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Auteur : Liviu Mihail IANCU“Who is Gyges?” once again: assessing the Carian connections of the first Mermnad king of Lydia[Résumé]Based on hints provided by Joseph Wells nearly a century ago, an ample review of the sources concerning the life of Gyges, the renowned usurper who established the Mermnad dynasty of Lydia, is undertaken in order to assess his foreignness. The review reveals strong connections with Carians and with the ethnically mixed lower valleys of the rivers Maeander and Kaystros. Therefore, Gyges might be envisaged either as a Carian mercenary serving in the royal bodyguard of Lydia before his usurpation, or, more probably, as a Lydian aristocrat coming from the aforementioned region and eventually having strong kinship ties to Carians. Keywords: Gyges, Lydia, Caria, ethnicity, Maeander valley, warfare, mercenaries, kinship, Mermnads.
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Auteur : Nihal AKILLIProtohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar[Résumé]The earliest findings of the Hastane Höyük, the prehistoric settlement of Thyateria in Northern Lydia, located in the district of Akhisar in Manisa province, date from the Late Chalcolithic period. Although the Middle and Late Bronze Age layers were not found yet, a large amount of pottery from these periods was unearthed in the settlement inhabited during the Early Bronze Age. The mound is thought to have been used as the acropolis area of the ancient city of Thyateria during the Hellenistic period and as the necropolis area during the Roman period. The aim of the studies carried out in the region is to shed light on the prehistoric period of Akhisar and its surroundings within the Northwest Anatolian geography and to recognize the significance of the region within the regional archaeology. During the excavations carried out at the Hastane Höyük, which is located in an area close to the natural road route of the Aegean Region, early findings such as blades, hand axes, cutting tools, spindle whorls, idols and necklaces were found. The pottery fragments from the settlement dated to the Late Chalcolithic Period show similar features to those of the Çanakkale Region and the pottery finds dated to the Early Bronze Age show similar characteristics to those of the cultures in the Balıkesir, Manisa, Bakırçay Basin, Izmir and Çanakkale regions. In the coming years the excavations at Hastane Höyük will provide important information to understand the regional prehistory. Keywords: Hastane Höyük, Lydia, Thyateira, Late Chalcolithic period, Early Bronze Age.
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Auteur : Fabrice DELRIEUXThe Greek cities of Lydia during the First Mithridatic War (89–85 B.C.)[Résumé]The First Mithridatic War (89-85 B.C.) was an essential step in the history of relations between the Greek cities of Lydia and Rome at the end of the Republic. Not only it sets the fate of each of them for a long time, but the variety of local behavior during the conflict reflects the complexity of these relationships before the outbreak of hostilities. Some cities like Magnesia of the Sipylus remained faithful to the Romans, even at the most dramatic moments of the war for Rome, sometimes by taking up arms to resist Mithridates. Other cities, such as Tralles, took part for the king, until participating in the massacres of the Italic populations present in Asia Minor in 88 B.C. For all that, it would be wrong to believe that the choices were always so decided in Lydia. The case of Nysa gives us the example of a divided community about the party to be taken. On the one hand, the city seems to have opened its doors to Mithridates who, in return, showed generosity towards her. On the other hand, the Nysaean Chaeremon son of Pythodorus, well-known by epigraphy, played a very important rôle, at the risk of his life, in the resistance to the Pontic troops. These diametrically opposed attitudes, in a region that is subject to the excesses of Rome, especially to the excesses of the publicans, since the organization of the Roman proconsular province of Asia in 129-127 B.C., clearly have multiple causes. As in other parts of Asia Minor, such as Caria, the problem must be examined on a case-by-case basis. Such an approach often leads us to go back to the origins of Rome’s relations with Lydia in the second century B.C. Keywords: First Mithridatic War, Lydia, Rome, Asia Minor.
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Auteur : Dimitris P. DRAKOULISA contribution to the study of Lydia in the Early Byzantine period[Résumé]The aim of the paper is to contribute to the study of Lydia in the Early Byzantine period (fourth–sixth century A.D.) from an historical and geographical viewpoint. Αn historical cross- section will be attempted in order to clarify the administrative situation of the province in the sixth century (source: the Synekdemos of Hierocles). A digital cartographic representation of the historical topography will be created in order to describe and clarify the provincial and regional context. The sources used for the representation of this cultural landscape comprise, among others. the “oldest” cartographic monument of Late antiquity, i.e. the Tabula Peutingeriana and the “newest”, i.e. the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. An accompanying database will be also constructed in order to classify the provincial settlements according to historical – cultural and geographical – spatial criteria. The first set of criteria is related to parameters and variables such as the date of foundation, continuous presence in five historical periods (Archaic – Classical – Hellenistic – Roman – Early Byzantine), ancient and modern place names. The second set of criteria is related to the location of the settlement and uses parameters and variables such as geomorphology, water elements, communication networks, and the presence of a nodal point. The final objective of the paper will be a structured synthesis of knowledge regarding the distinctive features of the settlement network of Lydia and the correlation of this information with the dynamic parts of the system, that is, communication networks and cultural exchanges. Keywords: Early Byzantine Lydia, settlements network, roads network, historical human geography, Synekdemos of Hierocles.
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Auteur : Charles GUITTARDAn amazing oracle of Apollo of Claros and the question of the supreme god (Macrobius, Saturnalia I.18.20): Zeus, Hades, Helios, Dionysos, and Iaô[Résumé]The temple of Apollo Clarius, located in the territory of Colophon, was one of the most famous temples in the Graeco-Roman world, especially for the oracle. Taking into consideration the work of Macrobius, the Saturnalia, and the work of Cornelius Labeo called De oraculo Apollinis Clarii, we can find key passages to understand monotheistic tendencies in ancient Greek and Roman religions. The texts are included in the long development of Praetextatus about the theology of the Sun (sat. 1, 17-23). Macrobius quotes two Orphic verse: identifying Zeus, Hades, Helios and Dionysos as one god (sat. 1, 18, 18). According to Macrobius, this verse can be explained by the authority of the oracle of Apollo Clarius, who added another name to the Sun and the supreme God: Iaô, who is Hades in winter, Zeus in spring, Helios in winter, and Iaô in autumn. This passage offers evidence for the concept of religious syncretism and theocracy in ancient paganism. Iaô can be identified here as the god of the Jews, he is integrated in the Olympian theology, and in the unifying tendency of Neopythagoreanism and Neoplatonism. We shall try to understand the reason and meaning of such oracles in the works and thought of Cornelius Labeo and of Macrobius. Keywords: Apollo Clarius, Cornelius Labeo, Dionysos, Hades, Helios, Iaô, Macrobius, oracles, Orphic verses, Theosophia, Zeus.
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Auteur : Maria KANTIREABuilding inscriptions from Roman Lydia[Résumé]The paper examines some characteristic building inscriptions from Roman Lydia from a financial and administrative point of view. Special attention is paid on the use of the magistrates’ summa honoraria, the administrative procedures involved and how special officials, the epimeletai and the ergepistatai, were appointed when the city, the emperor or professional corporations sponsored building projects. Keywords: Building inscriptions, constructions, epimeletai, ergepistatai, katoikia, monuments, professional corporations, summa honoraria.
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Auteur : Pierre-Olivier HOCHARDHistorical geography of Hellenistic and imperial Lydia: the literary and numismatic evidence[Résumé]“The lists of the province Lydia are a puzzle as yet unsolved”. Despite its age, this quote from W. M. Ramsays’ Historical geography of Asia Minor reveals the difficulty of determining the limits of the Hellenistic and Imperial Lydia. Ancient authors didn’t define this region in precise geographical terms and, throughout Antiquity, different terms (kingdom, satrapy, region…) were used to refer to it. Confusion grows when considering general agreement about topography and bioclimatic characteristics. Following Pliny, Natural History, V, 110-111, everyone agrees to consider the plain of Sardis as the heart of Lydia through centuries. Delimiting the border area is, on the other hand, more difficult: Lydian relief differs completely from North/North- East to the South and Lydian ecosystem changes when going inland. For example, Hyrcanian plain landscapes distinguish themselves from the ones in the Katakekaumena. Considering the absence of topographical coherence and administrative definition, we have to be very cautious and thorough when determining the outlines of Hellenistic and Imperial Lydia. Therefore, by analysing literary sources and excavation coins, this communication proposes to describe the limits of Lydia as a geographical area during the Hellenistic and Imperial periods, possibly distinguishing a “Great Lydia” from a “Lydia stricto sensu”. Keywords: Lydia, Historical geography, numismatic, literary sources, Hellenistic period, Roman period.
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Auteur : Oğuz KOÇYIĞITA preliminary report on the Roman pottery from Tabae[Résumé]Tabae ancient city or modern Tavas is located at southwestern of Lycus valley in the southern side of ancient Lydia. According to Strabo, the city was situated at the Phrygian border of antique Caria and founded by Alexander the Great. It shows a continuous habitation since its foundation in the Hellenistic period and minted silver coins in his name in the Roman period. Also, it entered the bishopric lists in the Byzantine period and became one of the most important cities of Menteşe Emirates by taking of the name of Kale-i Tavas and preserved this importance during the Ottoman period. The first archaeological excavations at Tabae were started in 2007 by Professor Bozkurt Ersoy and many significant results were gathered about the city’s ancient history with its architectural buildings, until recently. A Roman bath, fountains, and some cisterns with their findings were significant among them. A building with niche carved in the rock, probably built in the Roman period and used in the Seljuk and Ottoman periods was also another important building in Tabae. But the most important archaeological buildings are definitively the Roman cisterns for storage of the water with their elaborated architecture. These Roman cisterns at Tabae, excavated during the 2011 and 2012 excavation seasons and many Roman pottery finds were discovered. Among them, especially ‘cistern I’ and ‘cistern III’ give us significant results on the Roman pottery. These pottery finds were uncovered in the filling of cisterns as a group in the context and demonstrate the variety of Roman fine wares and table wares. These are also specific materials due to their qualitative characteristics. Between the pottery finds of the Roman period from cisterns, single and double handled jugs are common with red slip bowls and plates, identified by Hayes as the B1 and B2 groups of the Eastern Sigillatas. Besides, the bag-shaped, wide-mouthed and narrow necked jugs, which can be defined by their basket handles as basket handled jugs, another important ceramic finds group but they are all less known because of their shapes. A few tableware made of jugs and oinochoes are also among the Tabae’s rich Roman table ware pottery repertoire. The pottery finds uncovered from these two cisterns, which both functioned at the same time, must belong to mid first and second century. Today, many of these pottery artifacts are preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Denizli and in this short paper will be discussed their typological aspects. Also, together with their chronology, the importance for the region’s local pottery production process will be discussed. These pottery finds will present important social and economical contributions to the Roman period in Tabae and at the same time it will contribute to the study of Roman pottery in general terms. Keywords: Tabae, pottery finds, cisterns, stratified contexts, Roman period.
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Auteur : Ergün LAFLIRecent archaeological discoveries in Lydia and in the Upper Cayster Valley[Résumé]In this paper recent archaeological discoveries in Lydia and in the Upper Cayster Valley are presented which were compiled through juristic expertise within the territories of the ancient region of Lydia as well as Tire, Ödemiş, Kiraz and Bayındır between 2003 and 2022. The chronological range of these discoveries varies between the Lydian period, i.e. seventh-sixth century B.C. and Late Byzantine period, i.e. 12th century A.D. The article consists of 14 sections with miscellaneous discoveries title of which are as follows: 1. New finds on the tumuli in western Lydia and the Upper Cayster Valley; 2. A tumulus site near Tire in the Upper Cayster Valley and its reuse during the Roman period; 3. Lydian painted ware and Lydia in the Museums of Ödemiş, Afyonkarahisar and Marmaris; 4. A Roman aqueduct or dam construction near Sardis; 5. A Roman marble monument with Centaurs or Dioscuri from Kula in central Lydia; 6. Recent archaeological discoveries in Hermokapeleia in northwestern Lydia; 7. Höyük sites, rural settlements and their necropoleis in Roman Lydia; 8. Hellenistic and Roman small finds from the necropoleis of the Upper Cayster Valley and Lydia; 9. Roman and Early Byzantine stone quarries near Bayındır in the Upper Cayster Valley; 10. Late antique and Early Byzantine farming homesteads in Lydia; 11. Recent archaeological discoveries in the eastern Upper Cayster Valley during the Late Antique and Byzantine periods; 12. Excavations of an Early Byzantine basilica in Salihli near Sardis; 13. Architectural plastic elements and their spolia in Byzantine, Late Medieval and Ottoman Lydia; and 14. Catalogue of the reused stone elements at Tapduk Emre türbesi. Keywords: Archaeological finds, Manisa, Upper Cayster Valley, Lydian period, Hellenistic period, Roman period, Byzantine period.
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Auteurs : Annick PAYNE, David SASSEVILLEMalis: a new Lydian goddess[Résumé]The authors will present a new edition of a Lydian-Greek bilingual inscription from the Temple of Athena at Pergamon (LW 40). This badly weathered inscription can now be fully deciphered for the first time since its discovery. As has long been suspected, the inscription records the Lydian name of the Greek goddess Athena, although not in the word so far identified as variants of ‘Athena’ but in a previously undeciphered word. The Lydian goddess carries the name of Malis. This divine name is also attested in Greek transmission as Μαλίς, where it refers to an obscure deity. It is found in Greek poetry, such as in Hipponax of Ephesus, Theocritus and in a fragment of a Lesbian poem. From an Anatolian perspective, Malis can be equated with the Luwian goddess Malija found in Hittite transmission in the second millennium B.C., and also in Lycian inscriptions of the classical period. The new readings of the Lydian-Greek bilingual and, consequently, the discovery of a new Lydian goddess offer a significant contribution to our understanding of Lydian religion. Furthermore, it demonstrates the perpetuation of the ancient Anatolian goddess Malija in Classical Lydia, and provides both background and context for the name Malis in Greek sources. Keywords: Pergamon, epigraphy, Lydian religion, Lydian pantheon, ancient Greek religion, Hittite pantheon, linguistics.
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Auteur : Étienne WOLFFLydia in proverbs, idiomatic expressions, and exemplary Latin stories[Résumé]Lydia occupies an important place in Graeco-Roman mythology and in the history of Asia Minor. It is therefore logical that this importance is reflected in proverbs, idiomatic expressions, and exemplary Latin stories, in which we find Croesus, the Pactolos, the Tmolos, Sardis, etc. I examine these proverbs, idiomatic expressions and exemplary stories, relying in particular on the Adagia compiled by Erasmus, which form an irreplaceable directory on the subject. This gives some insights into the picture drawn of Lydia. Keywords: Lydia, mythology, history, proverbs, Erasmus.
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Auteur : Werner SEIBTThe Early Byzantine province of Lydia based on sigillographic evidence[Résumé]Early Byzantine seals attest a number of civil officials of the province of Lydia, only sometimes in connection with other (neighbouring) provinces. We know two archontes, Thalassios (with the title of Stratelates, early eighth century) and Maurianos (early eighth century), and two Dioiketai, Theodoros (later eighth century) and Michael (first third nineth century). There is still more information about Kommerkiarioi: Ioulianos ἀπὸ ὑπάτων was γενικὸς κομμερκιάριος Λυδίας in 687/688, Kyriakos ἀπὸ ὑπάτων was γενικὸς λογοθέτης ἀποθήκης Καπατιανῆς καὶ Λυδίας in 696/697, Ioannes ὕπατος was γενικὸς κομμερκιάριος ἀποθήκης Ἑλλησπόντου καὶ Λυδίας in 721/722, Theophanes πατρίκιος β. πρωτοσπαθάριος was γενικὸς λογοθέτης καὶ κομμερκιάριος ἀποθήκης Ἑλλησπόντου καὶ Λυδίας in 727/728, and Theoktistos ὕπατος was also γενικὸς κομμερκιάριος ἀποθήκης Ἑλλησπόντου καὶ Λυδίας in 729/730. Immediately afterwards not single Kommerkiarioi but the office of the imperial Kommerkia sealed, still using imperial busts. We know such seals of the imperial Kommerkia of Lydia for the year 731/732, of Bithynia, (Phrygia) Saloutaris, (Phrygia) Pakatiane, and Lydia for the year 733/734, and again of Lydia (alone) for the year 736/737. In an addendum a further lead seal is mentioned, with a bust in profile to the left and the inscription ΛVΔ/IAC, dating from late antiquity. Keywords: Early Byzantine provincial administration, Early Byzantine Lydia, Early Byzantine sigillography, Kommerkiarioi, Asia Minor.
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Auteur : Ayşen SINAThe Artemis Cult in Lydia and The Lydian Girls’ Choir: A Political Evaluation[Résumé]Artemis, who was named after the places she was worshipped, reflects substantial differences in terms of features and the characteristics of her cults in Greece and Anatolia. When huntsmanship was replaced by agriculture in human history, the importance that women earned in economic and social areas brought about the matriarchal structure of society. Thus, it resulted in the embodiment of religious beliefs in the form of Mother Goddess concept which represented woman who possessed qualities such as nature dominance, creativity, nutritiousness and protectiveness. Artemis is another display of universal woman (matriarchal) attributes in the prehistoric Anatolian societies in her capacity as “Mother of the Gods,” “Great Mother,” and “Mother Goddess.” Not restricted to a particular area or time, Artemis was worshipped in Lydia as Koloene, Kordaka, Tmolia and Leukophryene. Artemis who was worshipped in Lydian cities such as Sardis, Magnesia on the Maeander, Koloe and Tmolos, which is the eponym of the mountain, resembles Artemis Ephesia in character. Although Artemis was not “divine mother” of the sovereigns as the representative of her political sovereignty, she helped Ionians and Lydians get together to celebrate the annual Ephesia festivities. The core of myths, which keeps collective memory alive and passes on to future generations lies in hymns. Hymns which are stories about gods are designed to praise, to remind and benefit oneself. Hymns are the communication tool between society and god. On the one hand, their aim is to gain the appreciation of god and be praised by the addressed community, but on the other hand, they intend to give both a social and political message through participation and hymn texts. From this point of view, Lydian girls’ choir, who dance and sing hymns at the festivities held in honour of Artemis of Ephesus, attract considerable attention. Thus, in this study the roles of Artemis – a symbol of faith association between Lydians and Ionians-and Lydian girls’ choir in the relationship between the aforementioned two areas have been discussed in terms of literary, mythological, epigraphic and archaeological sources, and their reflection on the association of myths, cult and politics has been examined. Keywords: Artemis, cult of Artemis, cults in Lydia, “girls’ choir”, Artemis Ephesia, Classical mythology, politics.
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Auteurs : Hüseyin ÜRETEN, Ömer GÜNGÖRMÜSRemarks on imperial cult of Lydian Philadelphia based on classical textual sources[Résumé]The most important city among the places that were founded by Pergamon (Bergama) in Western Anatolia during the Hellenistic period was Philadelpheia (Alaşehir [Φιλαδέλφεια]), which was named by Attalos II Philadelphos after his name. In modern day occupied by the town of Alaşehir, the site of ancient Lydian Philadelpheia was located on the southwest side of the Kogamos valley and 40 km southeast of the merging point of Hermos (Gediz) and Kogamos rivers. The acropolis was founded on a projected mound of the Tmolos (Bozdağlar) range; the settlement was partly situated on the slopes and partly on the flat ground of the valley. The city, being close to the volcanic area of Katakekaumene (Burned Land), was in constant danger because of many earthquakes. Strabo relates that buildings in the city were destroyed many times and the danger was so great that residents generally preferred to live in the country around the city. Despite, Philadelpheia flourished to a great extend and in the course of time acquired a broad realm that contained many villages. The city had a public organization that issued her own coins following the foundation by Attalos and prospered under the Roman rule. In this context, the aim of this study is to find an answer tho the question of whether or not the city of Philadelpheia in Lydia obtained the title of neokoros according to ancient sources. In addition will be revealed which criteria would be determinant to the granting of the right to have an imperial. Keywords: Hellenistic period, Attalos II Philadelphos, Lydian Philadelpheia, neokoros.